awk Command Purpose Finds lines in files that match patterns and then performs speci- fied actions on them. Syntax awk [ -F Ere ] [ -v Assignment ] ... { -f ProgramFile | 'Program' } [ [ File ... | Assignment ... ] ] ... Description The awk command utilizes a set of user-supplied instructions to compare a set of files, one line at a time, to extended regular expressions supplied by the user. Then actions are performed upon any line that matches the extended regular expressions. The pattern searching of the awk command is more general than that of the grep command, and it allows the user to perform mul- tiple actions on input text lines. The awk command programming language requires no compiling, and allows the user to use vari- ables, numeric functions, string functions, and logical opera- tors. The following topics are covered in this article: * Input for the awk Command * Output for the awk Command * File Processing with Records and Fields * The awk Command Programming Language - Patterns - Actions - Variables - Special Variables * Flags * Examples Input for the awk Command The awk command takes two types of input: input text files and program instructions. Input Text Files Searching and actions are performed on input text files. The files are specified by: * Specifying the File variable on the command line. * Modifying the special variables ARGV and ARGC. * Providing standard input in the absence of the File variable. If multiple files are specified with the File variable, the files are processed in the order specified. Program Instructions Instructions provided by the user control the actions of the awk command. These instructions come from either the `Program' vari- able on the command line or from a file specified by the -f flag together with the ProgramFile variable. If multiple program files are specified, the files are concatenated in the order specified and the resultant order of instructions is used. Output for the awk Command The awk command produces three types of output from the data within the input text file: * Selected data can be printed to standard output, without al- teration to the input file. * Selected portions of the input file can be altered. * Selected data can be altered and printed to standard output, with or without altering the contents of the input file. All of these types of output can be performed on the same file. The programming language recognized by the awk command allows the user to redirect output. File Processing with Records and Fields Files are processed in the following way: 1. The awk command scans its instructions and executes any ac- tions specified to occur before the input file is read. The BEGIN statement in the awk programming language allows the user to specify a set of instructions to be done before the first record is read. This is particularly useful for initializing special variables. 2. One record is read from the input file. A record is a set of data separated by a record separator. The default value for the record separator is the new-line character, which makes each line in the file a separate record. The record separator can be changed by setting the RS special variable. 3. The record is compared against each pattern specified by the awk command's instructions. The command instructions can specify that a specific field within the record be compared. By default, fields are separated by white space (blanks or tabs). Each field is referred to by a field variable. The first field in a record is assigned the $1 variable, the second field is assigned the $2 variable, and so forth. The entire record is assigned to the $0 variable. The field separator can be changed by using the -F flag on the com- mand line or by setting the FS special variable. The FS special variable can be set to the values of: blank, single character, or extended regular expression. 4. If the record matches a pattern, any actions associated with that pattern are performed on the record. 5. After the record is compared to each pattern, and all speci- fied actions are performed, the next record is read from input; the process is repeated until all records are read from the input file. 6. If multiple input files have been specified, the next file is then opened and the process repeated until all input files have been read. 7. After the last record in the last file is read, the awk com- mand executes any instructions specified to occur after the input processing. The END statement in the awk programming language allows the user to specify actions to be performed after the last record is read. This is particularly useful for sending messages about what work was accomplished by the awk command. The awk Command Programming Language The awk command programming language consists of statements in the form: Pattern { Action } If a record matches the specified pattern, or contains a field which matches the pattern, the associated action is then per- formed. A pattern can be specified without an action, in which case the entire line containing the pattern is written to stan- dard output. An action specified without a pattern is performed for every input record. Patterns There are four types of patterns used in the awk command language syntax: * Regular Expressions * Relational Expressions * Combinations of Patterns * BEGIN and END Patterns. Regular Expressions The extended regular expressions used by the awk command are similar to those used by the grep or egrep command. The sim- plest form of an extended regular expression is a string of char- acters enclosed in slashes. For an example, suppose a file named testfile had the following contents: smawley, andy smiley, allen smith, alan smithern, harry smithhern, anne smitters, alexis Entering the following command line: awk '/smi/' testfile would print to standard output all records that contained an oc- currence of the string smi. In this example, the program '/smi/' for the awk command is a pattern with no action. The output is: smiley, allen smith, alan smithern, harry smithhern, anne smitters, alexis The following special characters are used to form extended regu- lar expressions: Character Function + Specifies that a string matches if one or more occurrences of the character or extended regular expression that precedes the + (plus) are within the string. The command line: awk '/smith+ern/' testfile prints to standard output any record that contained a string with the characters smit, followed by one or more h characters, and then ending with the characters ern. The output in this example is: smithern, harry smithhern, anne ? Specifies that a string matches if zero or one occurrences of the character or extended regular expression that precedes the ? (question mark) are within the string. The command line: awk '/smith?/' testfile prints to standard output all records that contain the characters smit, followed by zero or one instance of the h character. The output in this example is: smith, alan smithern, harry smithhern, anne smitters, alexis | Specifies that a string matches if either of the strings separated by the | (vertical line) are within the string. The command line: awk '/allen | alan /' testfile prints to standard output all records that contained the string allen or alan. The output in this example is: smiley, allen smith, alan ( ) Groups strings together in regular expressions. The command line: awk '/a(ll)?(nn)?e/' testfile prints to standard output all records with the string ae or alle or anne or allnne. The output in this example is: smiley, allen smithhern, anne {m} Specifies that a string matches if exactly m occurrences of the pattern are within the string. The command line: awk '/l{2}/' testfile prints to standard output smiley, allen {m,} Specifies that a string matches if at least m occurrences of the pattern are within the string. The command line: awk '/t{2,}/' testfile prints to standard output: smitters, alexis {m, n} Specifies that a string matches if between m and n, in- clusive, occurrences of the pattern are within the string ( where m <= n). The command line: awk '/er{1, 2}/' testfile prints to standard output: smithern, harry smithern, anne smitters, alexis [String] Signifies that the regular expression matches any char- acters specified by the String variable within the square brack- ets. The command line: awk '/sm[a-h]/' testfile prints to standard output all records with the characters sm fol- lowed by any character in alphabetical order from a to h. The output in this example is: smawley, andy [\^ String] A \^ (caret) within the [ ] (square brackets) and at the beginning of the specified string indicates that the regular expression does not match any characters within the square brack- ets. Thus, the command line: awk '/sm[\^a-h]/' testfile prints to standard output: smiley, allen smith, alan smithern, harry smithhern, anne smitters, alexis \~,!\~ Signifies a conditional statement that a specified vari- able matches (tilde) or does not match (tilde, exclamation point) the regular expression. The command line: awk '$1 \~ /n/' testfile prints to standard output all records whose first field contained the character n. The output in this example is: smithern, harry smithhern, anne \^ Signifies the beginning of a field or record. The command line: awk '$2 \~ /\^h/' testfile prints to standard output all records with the character h as the first character of the second field. The output in this example is: smithern, harry $ Signifies the end of a field or record. The command line: awk '$2 \~ /y$/' testfile prints to standard output all records with the character y as the last character of the second field. The output in this example is: smawley, andy smithern, harry . (period) Signifies any one character except the terminal new- line character at the end of a space. The command line: awk '/a..e/' testfile prints to standard output all records with the characters a and e separated by two characters. The output in this example is: smawley, andy smiley, allen smithhern, anne *(asterisk) Signifies zero or more of any characters. The com- mand line: awk '/a.*e/' testfile prints to standard output all records with the characters a and e separated by zero or more characters. The output in this example is: smawley, andy smiley, allen smithhern, anne smitters, alexis \ (backslash) The escape character. When preceding any of the characters that have special meaning in extended regular expres- sions, the escape character removes any special meaning for the character. For example, the command line: /a\/\// would match the pattern a//, since the backslashes negate the usual meaning of the slash as a delimiter of the regular expres- sion. To specify the backslash itself as a character, use a dou- ble backslash. See the following item on escape sequences for more information on the backslash and its uses. Recognized Escape Sequences The awk command recognizes most of the escape sequences used in C language conventions, as well as several that are used as special characters by the awk command itself. The escape sequences are: Escape Sequence Character Represented \" \" (double-quotation) mark \/ / (slash) character \ddd Character whose encoding is represented by a one-, two- or three-digit octal integer, where d represents an octal digit \\ \ (backslash) character \a Alert character \b Backspace character \f Form-feed character \n New-line character (see following note) \r Carriage-return character \t Tab character \v Vertical tab. Note: Except in the gsub, match, split, and sub built-in func- tions, the matching of extended regular expressions is based on input records. Record-separator characters (the new-line charac- ter by default) cannot be embedded in the expression, and no ex- pression matches the record-separator character. If the record separator is not the new-line character, then the new-line char- acter can be matched. In the four built-in functions specified, matching is based on text strings, and any character (including the record separator) can be embedded in the pattern so that the pattern matches the appropriate character. However, in all regu- lar-expression matching with the awk command, the use of one or more NULL characters in the pattern produces undefined results. Relational Expressions The relational operators < (less than), > (greater than), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to), = = (equal to), and ! = (not equal to) can be used to form patterns. For example, the pattern: $1 < $4 matches records where the first field is less than the fourth field. The relational operators also work with string values. For example: $1 =! "q" matches all records where the first field is not a q. String values can also be matched on collation values. For example: $1 >= "d" matches all records where the first field starts with a character that is a, b, c, or d. If no other information is given, field variables are compared as string values. Combinations of Patterns Patterns can be combined using three options: * Ranges are specified by two patterns separated with a , (com- ma). Actions are performed on every record starting with the record that matches the first pattern, and continuing through and including the record that matches the second pattern. For exam- ple: /begin/,/end/ matches the record containing the string begin, and every record between it and the record containing the string end, including the record containing the string end. * Parentheses ( ) group patterns together. * The boolean operators || (or), && (and), and ! (not) combine patterns into expressions that match if they evaluate true, oth- erwise they do not match. For example, the pattern: $1 == "al" && $2 == "123" matches records where the first field is al and the second field is 123. BEGIN and END Patterns Actions specified with the BEGIN pattern are performed before any input is read. Actions specified with the END pattern are per- formed after all input has been read. Multiple BEGIN and END patterns are allowed and processed in the order specified. An END pattern can precede a BEGIN pattern within the program state- ments. If a program consists only of BEGIN statements, the ac- tions are performed and no input is read. If a program consists only of END statements, all the input is read prior to any ac- tions being taken. Actions There are several types of action statements: * Action Statements * Built-in Functions * User-Defined functions * Conditional Statements * Output Actions Action Statements Action statements are enclosed in { } (braces). If the state- ments are specified without a pattern, they are performed on every record. Multiple actions can be specified within the braces, but must be separated by new-line characters or ; (semi- colons), and the statements are processed in the order they ap- pear. Action statements include: Arithmetical Statements The mathematical operators + (plus), - (minus), / (division), \^ (exponentiation), * (multiplication), % (modulus) are used in the form: Expression Operator Expression Thus, the statement: $2 = $1 \^ 3 assigns the value of the first field raised to the third power to the second field. Unary Statements The unary - (minus) and unary + (plus) operate as in the C programming language: +Expression or -Expression Increment and Decrement Statements The pre-increment and pre- decrement statements operate as in the C programming language: ++Variable or --Variable The post-increment and post-decrement statements operate as in the C programming language: Variable++ or Variable-- Assignment Statements The assignment operators += (addition), -= (subtraction), /= (division), and *= (multiplication) operate as in the C programming language, with the form: Variable += Expression Variable -= Expression Variable /= Expression Variable *= Expression For example, the statement: $1 *= $2 multiplies the field variable $1 by the field variable $2 and then assigns the new value to $1. The assignment operators \^= (exponentiation) and %= (modulus) have the form: Variable1\^=Expression1 AND Variable2%=Expression2 and they are equivalent to the C programming language statements: Variable1=pow(Variable1, Expression1) AND Variable2=fmod(Variable2, Expression2) where pow is the pow subroutine and fmod is the fmod subrou- tine. String Concatenation Statements String values can be concatenated by stating them side by side. For example: $3 = $1 $2 assigns the concatenation of the strings in the field variables $1 and $2 to the field variable $3. Built-In Functions The awk command language uses arithmetic functions, string func- tions, and general functions. The close Subroutine statement is necessary if you intend to write a file, then read it later in the same program. Arithmetic Functions The following arithmetic functions perform the same actions as the C language subroutines by the same name: atan2( y, x ) Returns arctangent of y/x. cos( x ) Returns cosine of x; x is in radians. sin( x ) Returns sin of x; x is in radians. exp( x ) Returns the exponential function of x. log( x ) Returns the natural logarithm of x. sqrt( x ) Returns the square root of x. int( x ) Returns the value of x truncated to an integer. rand( ) Returns a random number n, with 0 <= n < 1. srand( [Expr] ) Sets the seed value for the rand function to the value of the Expr parameter, or use the time of day if the Expr parameter is omitted. The previous seed value is returned. String Functions The string functions are: gsub( Ere, Repl, [ In ] ) Performs exactly as the sub function, except that all occurrences of the regular expression are re- placed. sub( Ere, Repl, [ In ] ) Replaces the first occurrence of the ex- tended regular expression specified by the Ere parameter in the string specified by the In parameter with the string specified by the Repl parameter. The sub function returns the number of sub- stitutions. An & (ampersand) appearing in the string specified by the Repl parameter is replaced by the string in the In parame- ter that matches the extended regular expression specified by the Ere parameter. If no In parameter is specified, the default value is the entire record ( the $0 record variable). index( String1, String2 ) Returns the position, numbering from 1, within the string specified by the String1 parameter where the string specified by the String2 parameter occurs. If the String2 parameter does not occur in the String1 parameter, a 0 (zero) is returned. length [(String)] Returns the length, in characters, of the string specified by the String parameter. If no String parameter is given, the length of the entire record (the $0 record vari- able) is returned. blength [(String)] Returns the length, in bytes, of the string specified by the String parameter. If no String parameter is given, the length of the entire record (the $0 record variable) is returned. substr( String, M, [ N ] ) Returns a substring with the number of characters specified by the N parameter. The substring is taken from the string specified by the String parameter, starting with the character in the position specified by the M parameter. The M parameter is specified with the first character in the String parameter as number 1. If the N parameter is not specified, the length of the substring will be from the position specified by the M parameter until the end of the String parameter. match( String, Ere ) Returns the position, in characters, number- ing from 1, in the string specified by the String parameter where the extended regular expression specified by the Ere parameter occurs, or else returns a 0 (zero) if the Ere parameter does not occur. The RSTART special variable is set to the return value. The RLENGTH special variable is set to the length of the matched string, or to -1 (negative one) if no match is found. split( String, A, [Ere] ) Splits the string specified by the String parameter into array elements A[1], A[2], . . ., A[n], and returns the value of the n variable. The separation is done with the extended regular expression specified by the Ere parameter or with the current field separator (the FS special variable) if the Ere parameter is not given. The elements in the A array are created with string values, unless context indicates a particular element should also have a numeric value. tolower( String ) Returns the string specified by the String parameter, with each uppercase character in the string changed to lowercase. The uppercase and lowercase mapping is defined by the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale. toupper( String ) Returns the string specified by the String parameter, with each lowercase character in the string changed to uppercase. The uppercase and lowercase mapping is defined by the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale. sprintf(Format, Expr, Expr, . . . ) Formats the expressions specified by the Expr parameters according to the printf subrou- tine format string specified by the Format parameter and returns the resulting string. General Functions The general functions are: close( Expression ) Close the file or pipe opened by a print or printf statement or a call to the getline function with the same string-valued Expression parameter. If the file or pipe is suc- cessfully closed, a 0 is returned; otherwise a non-zero value is returned. The close statement is necessary if you intend to write a file, then read the file later in the same program. system(Command ) Executes the command specified by the Command parameter and returns its exit status. Equivalent to the system subroutine. Expression | getline [ Variable ] Reads a record of input from a stream piped from the output of a command specified by the Expression parameter and assigns the value of the record to the variable specified by the Variable parameter. The stream is created if no stream is currently open with the value of the Expression parameter as its command name. The stream created is equivalent to one created by a call to the popen subroutine with the Command parameter taking the value of the Expression parameter and the Mode parameter set to a value of r. Each sub- sequent call to the getline function reads another record, as long as the stream remains open and the Expression parameter evaluates to the same string. If a Variable parameter is not specified, the $0 record variable and the NF special variable are set to the record read from the stream. getline [ Variable ] < Expression Reads the next record of input from the file named by the Expression parameter and sets the var- iable specified by the Variable parameter to the value of the record. Each subsequent call to the getline function reads another record, as long as the stream remains open and the Expression parameter evaluates to the same string. If a Variable parameter is not specified, the $0 record variable and the NF special variable are set to the record read from the stream. getline [ Variable ] Sets the variable specified by the Variable parameter to the next record of input from the current input file. If no Variable parameter is specified, $0 record variable is set to the value of the record, and the NF, NR, and FNR spe- cial variables are also set. Note: All forms of the getline function return 1 for successful input, zero for end of file, and -1 for an error. User-Defined Functions User-defined functions are declared in the following form: function Name (Parameter, Parameter,...) { Statements } A function can be referred to anywhere in an awk command program, and its use can precede its definition. The scope of the func- tion is global. Function parameters can be either scalars or arrays. Parameter names are local to the function; all other variable names are global. The same name should not be used for different entities; for example, a parameter name should not be duplicated as a func- tion name, or special variable. Variables with global scope should not share the name of a function. Scalars and arrays should not have the same name in the same scope. The number of parameters in the function definition does not have to match the number of parameters used when the function is called. Excess formal parameters can be used as local variables. Extra scalar parameters are initialized with a string value equivalent to the empty string and a numeric value of 0 (zero); extra array parameters are initialized as empty arrays. When invoking a function, no white space is placed between the function name and the opening parenthesis. Function calls can be nested and recursive. Upon return from any nested or recursive function call, the values of all the calling function's parame- ters shall be unchanged, except for array parameters passed by reference. The return statement can be used to return a value. Within a function definition, the new-line characters are option- al before the opening { (brace) and after the closing } (brace). An example of a function definition is: function average ( g,n) { for (i in g) sum=sum+g[i] avg=sum/n return avg } The function average is passed an array, g, and a variable, n, with the number of elements in the array. The function then ob- tains an average and returns it. Conditional Statements Most conditional statements in the awk command programming language have the same syntax and function as conditional state- ments in the C programming language. All of the conditional statements allow the use of { } (braces) to group together state- ments. An optional new-line can be used between the expression portion and the statement portion of the conditional statement, and new-lines or ; (semicolon) are used to separate multiple statements in { } (braces). Six conditional statements in C language are: if Requires the following syntax: if ( Expression ) { Statement } [ else Action ] while Requires the following syntax: while ( Expression ) { Statement } for Requires the following syntax: for ( Expression ; Expression ; Expression ) { Statement } break Causes the program loop to be exited when the break state- ment is used in either a while or for statement. continue Causes the program loop to move to the next iteration when the continue statement is used in either a while or for statement . Five conditional statements in the awk command programming language that do not follow C-language rules are: for...in Requires the following syntax: for ( Variable in Array ) { Statement } The for...in statement sets the Variable parameter to each index value of the Array variable, one index at a time and in no par- ticular order, and performs the action specified by the Statement parameter with each iteration. See the delete statement for an example of a for...in statement. if...in Requires the following syntax: if ( Variable in Array ) { Statement } The if...in statement searches for the existence of the Array element. The statement is performed if the Array element is found. delete Requires the following syntax: delete Array [ Expression ] The delete statement deletes both the array element specified by the Array parameter and the index specified by the Expression parameter. For example, the statements: for (i in g) delete g[i]; would delete every element of the g[] array. exit Requires the following syntax: exit [ Expression ] The exit statement first invokes all END actions in the order they occur, then terminates the awk command with an exit status specified by the Expression parameter. No subsequent END actions are invoked if the exit statement occurs within an END action. # Requires the following syntax: # Comment The # statement places comments. Comments should always end with a new-line but can begin anywhere on a line. next Stops the processing of the current input record and proceeds with the next input record. Output Statements Two output statements in the awk command programming language are: print Requires the following syntax: print [ ExpressionList ] [ Redirection ] [ Expression ] The print statement writes the value of each expression specified by the ExpressionList parameter to standard output. Each expres- sion is separated by the current value of the OFS special vari- able, and each record is terminated by the current value of the ORS special variable. The output can be redirected using the Redirection parameter, which can specify the three output redirections with the > (greater than), >> (double greater than), and the | (pipe). The Redirection parameter specifies how the output is redirected, and the Expression parameter is either a path name to a file (when Redirection parameter is > or >> ) or the name of a command ( when the Redirection parameter is a | ). printf Requires the following syntax: printf Format [ , ExpressionList ] [ Redirection ] [ Expression ] The printf statement writes to standard output the expressions specified by the ExpressionList parameter in the format specified by the Format parameter. The printf statement functions exactly like the printf command. The Redirection and Expression parame- ters function the same as in the print statement. Note: If the Expression parameter specifies a path name for the Redirection parameter, the Expression parameter should be en- closed in double quotes to insure that it is treated as a string. Variables Variables can be scalars, field variables, arrays, or special variables. Variable names cannot begin with a digit. Variables can be used just by referencing them. With the excep- tion of function parameters, they are not explicitly declared. Uninitialized scalar variables and array elements have both a numeric value of 0 (zero) and a string value of the null string (" "). Variables take on numeric or string values according to context. Each variable can have a numeric value, a string value, or both. For example: x = "4" + "8" assigns the value of 12 to the variable x. For string constants, expressions should be enclosed in " " (double quotation) marks. There are no explicit conversions between numbers and strings. To force an expression to be treated as a number, add 0 (zero) to it. To force an expression to be treated as a string, append a null string (" "). Field Variables Field variables are designated by a $ (dollar sign) followed by a number or numerical expression. The first field in a record is assigned the $1 variable , the second field is assigned to the $2 variable, and so forth. The $0 field variable is assigned to the entire record. New field variables can be created by assigning a value to them. Assigning a value to a non-existent field, that is, any field larger than the current value of $NF field vari- able, forces the creation of any intervening fields (set to the null string), increases the value of the NF special variable, and forces the value of $0 record variable to be recalculated. The new fields are separated by the current field separator ( which is the value of the FS special variable). Blanks and tabs are the default field separators. To change the field separator, use the -F flag, or assign the FS special variable a different value in the awk command program. Arrays Arrays are initially empty and their sizes change dynamically. Arrays are represented by a variable with subscripts in [ ] (square brackets). The subscripts, or element identifiers, can be numbers of strings, which provide a type of associative array capability. For example, the program: /red/ { x["red"]++ } /green/ { y["green"]++ } increments counts for both the red counter and the green counter. Arrays can be indexed with more than one subscript, similar to multidimensional arrays in some programming languages. Because programming arrays for the awk command are really one dimension- al, the comma-separated subscripts are converted to a single string by concatenating the string values of the separate expres- sions, with each expression separated by the value of the SUBSEP environmental variable. Therefore, the following two index operations are equivalent: x[expr1, expr2,...exprn] AND x[expr1SUBSEPexpr2SUBSEP...SUBSEPexprn] When using the in operator, a multidimensional Index value should be contained within parentheses. Except for the in operator, any reference to a nonexistent array element automatically creates that element. Special Variables The following variables have special meaning for the awk command: ARGC The number of elements in the ARGV array. This value can be altered. ARGV The array with each member containing one of the File vari- ables or Assignment variables, taken in order from the command line, and numbered from 0 (zero) to ARGC -1. As each input file is finished, the next member of the ARGV array provides the name of the next input file, unless: * The next member is an Assignment statement, in which case the assignment is evaluated. * The next member has a null value, in which case the member is skipped. Programs can skip selected input files by setting the member of the ARGV array that contains that input file to a null value. * The next member is the current value of ARGV [ARGC -1], which the awk command interprets as the end of the input files. CONVFMT The printf format for converting numbers to strings (ex- cept for output statements, where the OFMT special variable is used). The default is "%.6g". ENVIRON An array representing the environment under which the awk command operates. Each element of the array is of the form: ENVIRON [ "Environment VariableName" ] = EnvironmentVariableValue The values are set when the awk command begins execution, and that environment is used until the end of execution, regardless of any modification of the ENVIRON special variable. FILENAME The path name of the current input file. During the ex- ecution of a BEGIN action, the value of FILENAME is undefined. During the execution of an END action, the value is the name of the last input file processed. FNR The number of the current input record in the current file. FS The input field separator. The default value is a blank. If the input field separator is a blank, any number of locale- defined spaces can separate fields. The FS special variable can take two additional values: * With FS set to a single character, fields are separated by each single occurrence of the character. * With FS set to an extended regular expression, each occurrence of a sequence matching the extended regular expression separates fields. NF The number of fields in the current record, with a limit of 99. Inside a BEGIN action, the NF special variable is undefined unless a getline function without a Variable parameter has been issued previously. Inside an END action, the NF special variable retains the value it had for the last record read, unless a sub- sequent, redirected, getline function without a Variable parame- ter is issued prior to entering the END action. NR The number of the current input record. Inside a BEGIN action the value of the NR special variable is 0 (zero). Inside an END action, the value is the number of the last record processed. OFMT The printf format for converting numbers to strings in out- put statements. The default is "% .6g". OFS The output field separator (default is a space). ORS The output record separator (default is a new-line charac- ter). RLENGTH The length of the string matched by the match function. RS Input record separator (default is a new-line character). If the RS special variable is null, records are separated by se- quences of one or more blank lines; leading or trailing blank lines do not result in empty records at the beginning or end of input; and the new-line character is always a field separator, regardless of the value of the FS special variable. RSTART The starting position of the string matched by the match function, numbering from 1. Equivalent to the return value of the match function. SUBSEP Separates multiple subscripts. The default is \031. Flags -f ProgramFile Obtains instructions for the awk command from the file specified by the ProgramFile variable. If the -f flag is specified multiple times, the concatenation of the files, in the order specified, will be used as the set of instructions. -F Ere Uses the extended regular expression specified by the Ere variable as the field separator. The default field separator is a blank. -v Assignment Assigns a value to a variable for the awk command's programming language. The Assignment parameter is in the form of Name = Value. The Name portion specifies the name of the vari- able and can be any combination of underscores, digits, and al- phabetic characters, but it must start with either an alphabetic character or an underscore. The Value portion is also composed of underscores, digits, and alphabetic characters, and is treated as if it were preceded and followed by a " (double-quotation character, similar to a string value). If the Value portion is numeric, the variable will also be assigned the numeric value. The assignment specified by the -v flag occurs before any portion of the awk command's program is executed, including the BEGIN section. Assignment Assigns a value to a variable for the awk command's programming language. It has the same form and function as the Assignment variable with the -v flag, except for the time each is processed. The Assignment parameter is processed just prior to the input file (specified by the File variable) that follows it on the command line. If the Assignment parameter is specified just prior to the first of multiple input files, the assignments are processed just after the BEGIN sections (if any). If an Assignment parameter occurs after the last file, the assignment is processed before the END sections (if any). If no input files are specified, the assignments are processed the standard input is read. File Specifies the name of the file that contains the input for processing. If no File variable is specified, or if a - (minus) sign is specified, standard input is processed. 'Program' Contains the instructions for the awk command. If the -f flag is not specified, the Program variable should be the first item on the command line. It should be bracketed by ' ' (single quotes). Exit Status This command returns the following exit values: 0 Successful completion. >0 An error occurred. You can alter the exit status within the program by using the exit [ Expression ] conditional statement. Examples 1. To display the lines of a file that are longer than 72 charac- ters, enter: awk 'length >72' chapter1 This selects each line of the chapter1 file that is longer than 72 characters and writes these lines to standard output, because no Action is specified. A tab character is counted as 1 byte. 2. To display all lines between the words start and stop, including "start" and "stop", enter: awk '/start/,/stop/' chapter1 3. To run an awk command program, sum2.awk, that processes the file, chapter1, enter: awk -f sum2.awk chapter1 The following program, sum2.awk, computes the sum and average of the numbers in the second column of the input file, chapter 1: { sum += $2 } END { print "Sum: ", sum; print "Average:", sum/NR; } The first action adds the value of the second field of each line to the variable sum. All variables are initialized to the numer- ic value of 0 (zero) when first referenced. The pattern END be- fore the second action causes those actions to be performed after all of the input file has been read. The NR special variable, which is used to calculate the average, is a special variable specifying the number of records that have been read. 4. To print the first two fields in opposite order, enter: awk '{ print $1, $2 }' chapter1 5. The following awk program sum3.awk prints the first two fields of the file chapter 2 in opposite order, with input fields separated by comma and/or blanks and tabs, and then adds up the first column, prints the sum and average: BEGIN {FS = ",|[ \t]+"} {print $1, $2} {s += $1} END {print "sum is",s,"average is", s/NR } Implementation Specifics This command is part of Base Operating System (BOS) Runtime. Related Information The lex command, egrep command, fgrep command, grep command, printf command, sed command. The popen subroutine, printf subroutine, system subroutine. Aho, A.V., Kernighan, B.W., and Weinberger, P.J. The Awk Pro- gramming Language. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, 1988.